Carotid Arteries

Sustainability Education and Recent Debates on Climate Change

In the beginning of 1860s John Tyndall was discovered Carbon dioxides heat-trapping properties (Chivers, D. 2011). From that time scientists from educational, political and philosophical ideologies fields have been appeared with different points of view Hicks, D. (2007). Some of those scientists are requesting urgent support to climate change situation Chivers, D. (2011). While on the other hand another advocates minimize the importance of climate change situation Chivers, D. (2011). These conflicts have made an increasing number of debates between scientists. This caused born of new studies, articles, researches and approach called sustainability education. (Thomas et al. (2007) sighted in Hicks, D. (2007). The relationship between†¦show more content†¦2005; Kumar et al. 2005). ‘with this example it is very clear how sustainability education increase the conduct of the recent debates. Another examples given by Hegarty, K (2011) that sustainability education courses takes a ‘triple bottom line (TBL)’, or ‘three pillars’ approach to the presentation of sustainability (Goldie, Douglas, and Furnass 2005), highlighting the highly interdependent, often contradictory, relationship of the three elements of sustainability: society, environment and economy. Figure one exemplifies this relationship (Maryland 2007). This means the more sustainability researches, reports and new evidences the more new debates. Another example is Danny Chivers. He is a climate change researcher, activist, carbon footprint analyst and performance poet. He is an activate advocate request to support the climate change situation urgently. He made many efforts trying to convince the international community the importance of paying more attention to the environment. He is an example of one of the recent debates that affect sustainability education. He is the author of the all-new No-Nonsense Guide to Climate Change, published by New Internationalist - a handy pocket guide to the latest climate change science, targets, solutions, politics, activism, and the way forward Chivers, D. (2011). These were some examples how the sustainability education affects the recent debates onShow MoreRelatedWhat is sustainability? Essay1470 Words   |  6 PagesIs economic social and environmental sustainability achievable in today’s world? Introduction The aim of this paper is to try and give an understanding of â€Å"sustainability† to the reader and look into the various ideas surrounding the 3 pillars of a sustainable world. I am going to take you through the 3 topics in question separately before looking into whether or not sustainability is now even possible given the destruction we have already caused to the planet. 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Sample Project Quality Plan free essay sample

Checkpoints that are added to the Sample Project Plan to perform reviews in order to ensure the quality of the management processes. All Quality Records from these reviews will be filed on the Sample Project Team Room. Quality Roles and Responsibilities Roles and related Sample Quality responsibilities of all key stakeholders Project Deliverables All types of Sample Project Deliverables along with defect detection techniques to be applied. All Quality Records from these reviews will be filed on the Sample Project Team Room. Names of the owners, reviewers and approvers of each deliverable are identified in the Sample Deliverables Register. Deliverables will not be considered as complete until all rework from the review has been incorporated in a final version of the Deliverable. This Quality Plan is for Solutioning activity only and will be reissued for Micro Design Build deliverables by 11th July 2003. 2. Quality Objectives The Quality Objectives of the Sample Project are: To ensure that the Sample project strives to meet the ABC Corporation objective of ‘being World Class in everything we do’. To satisfy the quality needs of the Project Sponsor and key Executive Stakeholders To have no critical or high severity incidents as a result of Sample implementations To have minimal low severity incidents as a result of Sample implementations To achieve a smooth CCC Programme organization transition to supporting the new infrastructure To exceed the Customer quality expectations and as a result to improve customer satisfaction To deliver the Project which meets agreed Customer and ABC requirements To deliver the Project in line with agreed cost plans To deliver the Project in line with schedule commitments To minimize any rework to approved deliverables To identify defects as early as possible in the Project lifecycle To have no deviations from any CCC Programme standards and processes To have no deviations from any New Platform Programme standards and processes The objectives of this Sample Quality Plan are: To define all Sample Project Quality Processes and Reviews To ensure that all Sample Project deliverables adhere to quality processes To define all Sample Quality Records To ensure that the Sample Project Team are aware of when and how quality activity is to be performed for each deliverable To ensure that all CCC Programme processes are adhered to by the Sample Project To ensure that Sample Quality responsibilities are understood by each key Sample Project Stakeholder The detailed tasks and their schedule to achieve these objectives appear within the Sample Project Plan. 3. Quality assurance checkpoints Checkpoint Defect Prevention Technique Participants (owner is underlined) Quality Record Produced End of Project Startup Review that all startup activities completed ano Meeting minutes and formal record of baseline levels CCB Reviews of project plans (end of each phase) Review by Change Control Board of project effort spent and estimates to complete CCB members ano CCB minutes Immediately prior to release of an external deliverable External Deliverable Acceptance Review Programme Office C Whyte Deliverable Owner Deliverables Acceptance Record BLR Reviews of design material (Solution Outline Macro Design) Solution Review (technical review) ano C Whyte Other SE architects as required to conduct review Project Team members as required BLR minutes External reviews of Solution Outline and Macro Design documentation Review by external party C Whyte ano external reviewers Project Team members as required Meeting minutes Findings of Reviews with completed action plans Phase 1 Exit Review (end of Solution Outline and Macro Design) Phase Exit Review (management process review) ano C Whyte ano Other Project Team members as required Meeting minutes Deliverable completion status Completed Phase Exit checklist Actions carried forward to next Phase PDD Review prior to release to customer Proposal QA Review ano C Whyte ano Other Project Team members as required Meeting minutes QA Report 4. Quality Roles and responsibilities Name Role Responsibility and authority Director of CCC Delivery Sets Overall Programme quality objectives, agrees New Platform quality costs, manages escalated quality issues Programme xxxxx Sets New Platform quality objectives, agrees Sample Project quality costs, manages escalated quality issues Service Delivery Sets Service Delivery quality objectives, agrees Service Delivery quality costs, manages escalated quality issues System Service Delivery Sets Solution Integration quality objectives, agrees Solution Integration quality costs, manages escalated quality issues Quality Assurance Sets Programme Quality standards and objectives Reviews Sample External Deliverables to ensure conformance to Quality Standards and Processes Provides advice guidance on GS Quality Practices Programme Office Sets New Platform Programme Plan standards, provides advice guidance on ABC and CCC quality standards and objectives Service Management Sets Sample Service Management quality objectives and agrees all Sample Service Change Plans IT Operations Manager Quality of skill level of SD resource assigned to Sample Project Sets SD standards and quality objectives Handles all Sample SD resource management issues Command Centre Tech Leads Quality of skill level of Command Centre Tech Leads resource assigned to Sample Project Sets Sample Command Centre Tech Leads standards and quality objectives Handles all Sample Command Centre Tech Leads resource management issues Software Support Quality of skill level of SST resource assigned to Sample Project Sets SST standards and quality objectives Handles all Sample SST resource management issues Infrastructure Support Quality of skill level of Infrastructure resource assigned to Sample Project Sets Infrastructure standards and quality objectives Handles all Sample Infrastructure resource management issues Software Engineering (Architects) Quality of skill level of SE resource assigned to Sample Project Sets SE standards and quality objectives Handles all Sample SE resource management issues Test Manager Quality of skill level of Test resource assigned to Sample Project Sets Test standards and quality objectives Handles all Sample Test resource management issues Chief Architect Quality of Roadmap and resolution of technical issues with other CCC Programme activities. Overall Design Authority for Roadmap scope and approval for changes to scope Quality of SE BLR Reviews Chief Sample Architect Lead AIX Architect Quality of skill level of SE AIX resource assigned to Sample Project Quality of Overall Sample Design and resolution of technical interlocks with other Programme activities. Overall Design Authority for Sample scope and approval for all design deliverables and changes to Sample scope. Lead Application Integration Architect Quality of skill level of SE Application Integration resource assigned to Sample Project Quality of Sample Application Integration Designs. Lead Infrastructure Operations Architect Quality of skill level of SE Infrastructure Operations resource assigned to Sample Project Quality of Sample Infrastructure Operations Designs. Performance Architect Quality of Sample Performance Designs. Sample Test Plans Strategy Quality of Sample Test Strategy Plans Sample AIX Build Quality of Sample Project AIX Build activity DB2 Design Quality of Sample DB2 design activity. Tivoli Design Quality of Sample Tivoli design activity SD IT Ops Development and Quality Manager Sets SD development standards and quality objectives Handles all Sample SD development method and quality processes issues Storage Services Quality of agreed Storage Services activity in Sample Project Plan 5. Project Deliverables All external deliverables will only be released to CCC via the Programme Office and will follow standard CCC Programme processes. Deliverable Type Timing of Quality Activity Defect Detection Technique Participants Quality Record Relevant Standards Project Definition Report Before obtaining plan approvals Reviews Internal Stakeholders e-mail Feedback PM standards Project Definition Document (External) Before releasing to CCC Reviews ano CCC Programme Office e-mail feedback CCC Programme Before obtaining plan approvals Workshop CCC Stakeholders Minutes of meeting Solution Outlines (external) Before releasing to CCC Walkthrough Internal Stakeholders Deliverable Owner Log of items raised XX Method SE standards Before obtaining solution approvals Workshop CCC Stakeholders Minutes of meeting Cutover Design Before obtaining design approvals Walkthrough Internal Stakeholders Log of items raised XX Method CCC Programme Order Configuration Data Before submission of order Reviews Tech Line ano e-mail feedback ABC Procurement Macro and Solution Designs Before obtaining design approvals Walkthrough Internal Stakeholders Log of items raised XX Method SE standards Operational Designs (Command Centre, Support Model, Tivoli, Security) ABCDEL 0806 Before releasing to CCC Walkthrough Internal Stakeholders ABCDEL 0806 Owner Log of items raised CCC Programme Before obtaining HLD approvals Reviews CCC Stakeholders e-mail feedback Overall Test Strategy (external) Before releasing to CCC Walkthrough Internal Stakeholders Log of items raised GS Method CCC Test Standards Before obtaining strategy approvals Reviews CCC Stakeholders e-mail feedback DB2 Designs Before obtaining design approvals Walkthrough Reviews Internal Stakeholders SSS DBA review DBA review Log of items raised GS Method CCC DB2 Standards SSS Standards Shark configuration documents Before configuring ESS Reviews ABC Log of items raised Storage Services Standards Pre-development Build Guides and Minimal Image documentation Before using Build Guides in Phase 2 Walkthrough Reviews Internal Stakeholders SSO Midrange review Log of items raised GS Method CCC Development Standards SSO Standards Phase 1 Exit Checklist Prior to Phase 1 Exit Review Reviews Internal Stakeholders e-mail Feedback PM standards ABC Programme

Does Haig deserve the title The Butcher of the Somme Essay Example

Does Haig deserve the title The Butcher of the Somme Paper In this essay, I will try to figure out what historians all over the world have been talking about for years: Does Sir Douglas William Haig deserve the title The Butcher of the Somme? I will start by correctly defining the term, butcher, before analysing the case for and against this statement. I will finally conclude my essay by weighing up the two cases and comparing the definitions of butcher to his actions. To say that Haig was the hero of the victory at the Somme, although the opinion of the people of the time, must now be looked back on with great scepticism. You cannot deny that Haig made the correct tactical decision to make an offensive at the Somme, in order to take the pressure of Verdun, and it is true to say that he achieved his target objective in doing so. However, it is inexcusable, whatever the gain, to throw away life so carelessly as Haig did. It is also to be noted, that Haigs attitude after the Somme, was that it was a worthy sacrifice, and an honourable way for a man to die. In other words, he didnt care about the loses, as long as he got the praise at the end of it all. We will write a custom essay sample on Does Haig deserve the title The Butcher of the Somme specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Does Haig deserve the title The Butcher of the Somme specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Does Haig deserve the title The Butcher of the Somme specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It is obvious that to tell the men to walk across no-mans land must be looked at as the ultimate cause for the slaughter of the Somme. It was Haig who gave the order to walk and formulated the strategy for the offensive. His plan was flawed. Firstly he didnt consider all possibilities, the only outcome that he had planned and accommodated for was that everything went according to plan. This was clearly not the case as he didnt consider that the Explosions under the German line were all going to be synchronized, or that the Germans might survive in their dugouts. Also, and even more disastrous, he didnt have a plan B. What this means is, suggesting that not everything goes well, and say the Germans did survive in their dugouts, he didnt have any alternative plan to revert to, he just kept on with the same disastrous strategy, and judging by the fact that he continued with the same plan for 2 months, it seems unlikely that he had a plan B for any outcome, which means that he was relyin g on everything going according to plan a very bad tactical decision. Haig could have easily changed his plans when he realized they werent having any affect and he was throwing lives away, for example (and this is my plan): Began the bombardment again and this time ran across, the barbed wire was a problem but the Irish got through the first time when they ran, so it was definitely possible. And also, the whole objective of the Somme was to take the pressure off Verdun, so once the Germans had dragged half their army up to deal with the Somme, the British had no need to attack them, they could just sit and wait, the Germans werent going anywhere because they knew that they would be vulnerable and could be attacked at any time with all the British soldiers just waiting, the last thing the Germans were going to do was just leave and go back to Verdun, and if they did, (which would be crazy) then the offensive could begin, and attack the weakened lines. However, these plans were obviously made when looking back on the battle, Haig wouldnt have had the lu xury of hindsight. Although, he is to blame for not changing his tactics when the 1st day had been such a failure. When something you try clearly doesnt work, why keep doing it at the cost of lives? After all, the only reason that Haig gave the order to walk was because he was under the false impression that all the Germans had been killed in the bombardment and the men would be walking straight through the trenches to Berlin. It is for this reason that the men were carrying 30 pounds of pack on their shoulders, and were told that they were walking towards empty trenches. However, when this clearly wasnt the case, and it was obvious that they were not walking towards empty trenches, why carry on walking if the only reason for doing so is now void? Haigs mentality is also to be questioned, as his attitude towards human life is simply shocking. His attacking initiative ideas where men are simply thrown over the top on little raiding parties of 10 or 15 people, were madness. Every group died and was just another target for the Germans to shoot down. They had absolutely no hope of succeeding and he knew it. He was just throwing away lives when he knew all who went over the top would die. This may or may not have created an attacking spirit, but what good is an attacking spirit when the men are sent over the top to die? I cant see how the deaths of their friends could possibly create an attacking spirit, the only thing it would create was the impression that there General was a complete maniac. There is no use in raising the morale of troops who are going to die anyway, and surely victories would create a better morale boost for the men than constant casualties. Imagine this: You are a middle aged lady in England and you are proud to say to all your friends that your husband has gone to fight for his country. You are then informed that he has been killed in action. After the war, you find out that he was killed in a raiding party, all to raise the morale slightly of men on the front line. You think to yourselfoh, wont they be happy! Im sure his life was a worthy sacrifice and the other men had high spirits for the next week, to know that another 15 people had been sent over the top and died. Haig said, the day before the offensive: The men are in splendid spirits. Several have said that they have never before seen so instructed and informed of the nature of the operation before them. The barbed wire has never been so well cut, nor the artillery preparation so thorough. All the commanders are full of confidence. This statement in itself tells the story. Haig was either miss-informed or delusional, and despite the fact that the wire was clearly not cut, he sent the men out anyway.

A Guide to Bursitis

A Guide to Bursitis Bursitis is defined as the irritation or inflammation of a bursa (fluid filled sacs attached to joints). It most commonly occurs in adults over 40 years of age and results in discomfort or loss of motion in the affected joint.   What Is a Bursa? A bursa is a fluid-filled sac located around joints in the body that reduce friction and ease movement as tendons or muscles pass over bones or skin. They are located around joints and reduce friction and ease movement as tendons or muscles pass over bones or skin. Bursas are found next to all joints in the body.   What Are the Symptoms of Bursitis? The main symptom of bursitis is experiencing pain in the joints in the body - usually occurring in the shoulder, knee, elbow, hip, heel, and thumb. This pain may start subtle and build to extremely intense, especially in the presence of calcium deposits in the bursa. Tenderness, swelling, and warmth often accompany or precede this pain. Reduction in or loss of motion at the affected joint can also be symptomatic of more severe bursitis, such as the case of frozen shoulder or adhesive capsulitis wherein the pain from bursitis makes the patient incapable of moving the shoulder What Causes Bursitis? Bursitis can be caused by acute or repetitive traumatic impact to the bursa, repetitive stress through overuse of the joint, and post operation or injury infections.   Age is one of the primary factors that cause bursitis. Due to prolonged stress on joints, especially those requiring daily use, tendons toughen and become less tolerant of stress, less elastic, and easier to tear resulting in an increased likelihood the bursa could become irritated or inflamed.  At-risk patients should use caution when engaging in activities that cause extensive stress to joints, such as gardening and many physically stressful sports, as they have also been known to carry a high-risk for causing the irritation.  Other medical conditions that cause additional joint stress (such as tendonitis and arthritis) may also increase a persons risk.   How Do I Prevent Bursitis? Being aware of the strain daily activities have on your joints, tendons and bursas can greatly reduce the likelihood of getting bursitis. For patients beginning a new exercise routine, stretching properly and gradually building up stress and repetition will help mitigate the possibility of a repetitive stress injury. However, since age is one of the primary causes of the ailment, bursitis is not entirely preventable.   How Do I Know If I Have Bursitis? Bursitis is difficult to diagnose as it shares many symptoms with tendonitis and arthritis. As a result, identification of symptoms and knowledge of causes can lead to a proper diagnosis of bursitis. Follow  these tips if you have been diagnosed with a repetitive stress injury and use a visual pain scale to track and identify your pain to help determine if you have bursitis. If symptoms do not alleviate after a couple of weeks of self-care, the pain becomes too severe, swelling or redness occurs or a fever develops, you should schedule a consult with your physician.

The Rise Of Japanese Militarism Essays - Empire Of Japan, Militarism

The Rise Of Japanese Militarism Essays - Empire Of Japan, Militarism The Rise of Japanese Militarism Japan's political journey from its quasi-democratic government in the 1920's to its radical nationalism of the mid 1930's, the collapse of democratic institutions, and the eventual military state was not an overnight transformation. There was no coup d'etat, no march on Rome, no storming of the Bastille. Instead, it was a political journey that allowed a semi-democratic nation to transform itself into a military dictatorship. The forces that aided in this transformation were the failed promises of the Meiji Restoration that were represented in the stagnation of the Japanese economy, the perceived capitulation of the Japanese parliamentary leaders to the western powers, a compliant public, and an independent military. The ground work for Japanese militarism was a compliant Japanese public. This pliant public was created through a variety of factors. Beginning in the 1890's the public education system indoctrinated students in the ideas of nationalism, loyalty to the emperor and traditionalist ideas of self-sacrifice and obedience. Thus ideas that were originally propagated to mobilize support for the Meiji government were easily diverted to form broad support for foreign militarism. Japanese society also still held many of the remnants of feudal culture such as strong confusion beliefs that stressed support for social order and lack of emphasis on individualist values. These values taught obedience not to a democratic but to the emperor; so the fact that the militaristic government of the 1930's ruled under the emperor meant that the Japanese were loyal to this government just as they had been to the government of the 1920's. So when Japan's militaristic government implemented programs characteristic of totalitarian governments such as strong media control, a thought police, and community organizations the public did little to protest. Shintoism provided a religious justification for nationalism and support for the militaristic government. Shintoism before the 1930's was primarily a nativistic religion which stressed nature and harmony. But during the 1930's it became a ideological weapon teaching Japanese that they were a superior country that had a right to expand and that its government was divinely lead by a descendent of the sun god. The independence and decentralization of the military allowed it to act largely on its own will as characterized in the Manchurian incident in 1931 and the Marco Polo bridge explosion in Shanghai. Because these incidents went unpunished and the Japanese public rallied around them the military was able to push for greater militarism and an increasingly active role in government till the entire government was run by the military. The London Treaty and Japan's rejection by large European powers at the Versailles conference angered many in the military who felt that Japan was being denied its place at the table with the great powers. This lead to a disenfranchisement with the parliamentary government who the military felt had capitulated to the western powers in treaties and by stopping its colonial expansion during the nineteen twenties. Once Japan commenced on the path of militarism it found that because of its technological edge it could defeat other Asian powers this increased Japan's sense of superiority and feed the fires of nationalism. These fires grew as following the 1931 Manchurian incident Japan invaded Manchuria then most China. In South East Asia Japan quickly expanded breaking up British, Portuguese, and Dutch colonialism. Japanese militarism occurred not by an organized plan but rather through passive acceptance by the Japanese public. A compliant Japanese public coupled with a independent army were two factors that pushed Japan toward militarism in the 1930's.

Business BA top up in the UK Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business BA top up in the UK - Personal Statement Example I have some business background, in both education and practice, that I feel is pertinent in reinforcing my reason for joining your institution. I graduated with a higher national diploma in business management, with a human resource option from the North Atlantic College in Qatar, in 2007. From college, I immediately ventured into business practice in various capacities as will be outlined. I first worked as a marketing officer in a local bank before joining Sidra Medical and Research Center, in the human resources department. In this institution, I worked in the capacity of relations administrator in the foresaid department. Currently, I work as a staff relations officer in the same department. In this capacity, I ensure that all the staffs are supported with the right chances of having a development plan. I also assist the staff in choosing the right courses to take and ensure that they get the recommended in-house training. I have played a crucial art in developing the human reso urces department in Sidra as the company improved from a projects’ base to an operations base. In the organization, I also facilitated the employment of the first person with special needs. I play other minor roles as well. In order to excel more in my career, I believe that the education knowledge I currently possess is not enough. I therefore believe that getting a bachelor’s degree in the same field will give me better chances. As I yearn to do even better that I have done, I will ensure that I maximize from my student relationship with your institution. An institution of the caliber that your university boasts of will act as a stepping stone to a brighter future for me. Acceptance into your institution will open a new chapter in my career life, as I seek to excel in business, not just in my country, but all over the world. I look forward to a time when I will make a resounding impact in the business world. On my side, I promise to uphold the utmost moral

Vietnam War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Vietnam War - Essay Example In U.S. eyes, the Vietnamese were a passive and uninformed people, totally unready for self government" (Herring, 13). A survey of New York Times articles published during the First Indochina War revealed that the U.S. foreign policy analysis, media and public overwhelmingly concentrated on the French perspective of the conflict. Little attention was given to the Vietminh perspective or to the perspective of the French backed government of South Vietnam. This viewpoint continued until 1949 when China's civil war ended and the Communist took control of China. Shortly after taking control Mao Zedong, the Communist leader acknowledged the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) and the Soviet Union quickly followed suit. After that, the U.S. media placed a greater emphasis on Cold War rhetoric when dealing with Vietnam. As noted, the Cold War mindset permeated much of American culture during this time period; "it was an age of ideological consensus, and this was true above all in foreign p olicy" (Hallin, 50). At the conclusion of the First Indochina War, the U.S. ... From 1957-1961 the U.S. attention shifted heavily on Vietnam's fate in relation to the turmoil in Laos and Cambodi as well as to the Soviet threat. This perception dominated the public opinion, media and U.S. foreign policy well into President John F. Kennedy's Administration. THE VIETNAM WAR (1955-1975): ANALYSIS OF EVENTS On August 5, 1964, Congress considered the Southeast Asia Resolution, commonly called the "Gulf of Tonkin Resolution" (Johnson, 118). After two days of debate it passed the Senate by a vote of 88-2 and the House by a resounding 416-0 (Johnson, 118). It was a resolution to deliberately allow the United States a broad hand in protecting peace and security in Southeast Asia. A second section asserted that "peace and security in southeast Asia" was vital to American national security and therefore the president, acting in accord with the Charter of the United Nations and as a member of the South East Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), would "take all necessary steps, including the use of armed force," to assist member states of SEATO "in defense of [their] freedom" (Young, 109). Finally, the resolution would expire when the president determined "peace and security had returned to the area" (Young, 109). It could also be terminated by a subsequent congressional resolution. On March 8, 1965, 3,500 Marines landed at Da Nang. In May the first United States Army units arrived (Westmoreland, 124). With air attacks against both North and South Vietnam being launched from bases in the South, airfields were a logical target for forces from the National Liberation Front, the Communist guerrillas fighting against the South Vietnamese, and no one placed much confidence in the protection from the forces of the Army of the Republic

Persuasive research paper Essay Example for Free

Persuasive research paper Essay Everyday as we commute down the road we see motorcyclist drive past us. What is the one thing that we can all agree individuals riding motorcycles have in common? It is not a trick question. The answer is very simple; they all share the commonality of riding a motorcycle. What is in fact is very distinct however, are the choices of attire when operating their motorcycle. Some individuals are brave enough to wear shorts, tank tops, and sandals. On the opposite end of the spectrum, you have some of the wiser ones that chose to wear a helmet, gloves, protective jacket, eye protection etc. Why the distinct difference? The fact is that a great percentage of riders refuse to wear the proper protective equipment. Due to an increase in motorcycle riders within the recent years, a national protocol requiring certain equipment, such as a helmet, to be worn when riding a motorcycle should be instituted. There are many contributing factors to motorcycle fatalities, however there can be a culture of change, specially with the proper knowledge on how each piece of safety equipment can help at preventing injury or death Every year that passes by, notice that more and more motorcycle share the road with our  automobile drivers. We might wonder why there has been a shift in choice of transportation. Is this a trend or fad that the population is going through? According to the Governors Highway Safety Association, â€Å"National data from 1976 to 2012 suggest that motorcyclist fatalities track motorcycle registrations quite closely and that registrations track inflation-adjusted gasoline prices. If the economy continues to improve and gasoline prices remain high, then motorcycle 1 Tenorio registrations, travel, and fatalities will continue to rise unless active measures are taken†. (Hedlund). Not only do we think there are more motorcycle riders on the road, they have proven this to be true. Motorcycles are generally more fuel-efficient than cars, making them a very good alternative mode of transportation when gas prices stay at a consistent high price. It is basic mathematics; if there are more motorcycles there is more individuals susceptible to accidents. Additionally, they have proven that motorcycles are more apt to be involved in a motor vehicle accident than any other vehicle. Data collected in 2007 proved that per vehicle mile driven,motorcyclist were approximately 37 times more apt to die in a motor vehicle accident and nine times more probable to be injured in an accident. They also researched the ability of a helmet to protect against fatal injuries in motorcycle accidents. NHTSA estimates that helmets saved the lives of 1,829 motorcyclists in 2008. If all motorcyclists had worn helmets, an additional 823 lives could have been saved. (Motorcycles: Traffic Safety Facts 2008 Data). As motorcycles become more abundant, it is imperative that we reduce the probability of death as much as  possible. As proven above, helmet wear can be a life or death-determining factor. You can force motorcycle operators to wear helmets by implementing laws, but the combination of alcohol and motorcycle operation can have a devastating impact despite helmet wear. When operating a motorcycle an operator needs all of their senses at full capacity. Alcohol is central nervous system suppressant substance, causing you body to have a reduced reaction time when the situation arises. The reported helmet use rate for motorcycle riders with BAC levels higher than  the legal limit killed in traffic crashes was 46 percent, compared with 66 percent for those with no alcohol (Motorcycles: Traffic Safety Facts 2008 Data). Not only does alcohol reduce reaction times, it also has an impact on your ability to make rational decisions. It makes individuals push the limits of their motorcycle and their riding ability to levels they normally 2 Tenorio would not, and the majority of the time while not wearing the equipment they should. In 2011, the NHTSA calculated 4,323 motorcyclists were killed, and 33% (1426) of the riders were under  the influence of alcohol (Watson). How can the country as a whole help reduce the amount of fatalities we currently have due to motorcycle accidents? It is not a very simple answer. It would require involvement from both the people and the government to make this happen. One way the government can aid in the reduction of motorcycle fatalities is through the implementation of regulations, which require and enforce the wear or motorcycle protective equipment. Dating back to 1966 the government tried to impose the requirement of helmet wear by the states. They tried to do this by threatening with the reduction of federal-aid highway construction funds for the states that did not comply with the implementation of universal helmet use law by 1967. By 1975 all but 3 states had adopted and implemented such laws. Unfortunately the Supreme Court deemed this law unconstitutional. Shortly after revoking the Act, states gradually began to weaken helmet wear laws, since it was no longer a federal requirement (Helmet Laws). Much like seat belt laws have been implemented across the majority of the states due to increased survivability rate when  involved in an accident, the wear of helmets when operating a motorcycle should be mandated. The responsibility should not only be weighted only on the federal and state governments, individuals should take responsibility also. Many non-profit organizations work diligently to tray and raise motorcycle safety awareness with thinks like bumper stickers, fund-raising rides, and bike meets. Additionally insurance companies have aided in the increased awareness by handing out information pamphlets at locations like Bike Week in Daytona Beach. Another factor that  aids in the reduction of motorcycle fatalities is proper operation education. Florida is one of many states that require the operator to take a Motorcycle Basic Riders course in order to be able 3 Tenorio to receive the motorcycle endorsement on their licenses. Without this endorsement you cannot legally operate a motorcycle. With this course even people that have never been on a motorcycle can learn the basic in order to operate it on the roads. The Motorcycle Safety Foundation (MSF) offers motorcycle rider education and training programs and courses, and supports governmental  programs by participating in research and public awareness campaigns and providing technical assistance to state training and licensing programs (Morris). The Department of Defense, more specifically the United States Air Force, uses courses from the Motorcycle Safety Foundation to teach the military riders how to operate a motorcycle. In order for an individual to operate a motorcycle they have to complete the basic riders course. Within one year of the completion of the initial course they are required to complete an intermediate course such as the basic riders  course 2, advanced riders course, or the sport bikes handling course. Once these two requirements are complete, they are required to do refresher training every five years. In addition to the training, the department of defense requires all members, military and civilian, to wear protective equipment while driving on any DOD installation. That protective equipment consists of: helmet, gloves, durable over the ankle footwear, long sleeve shirt or jacket, long durable pants, and eye protection. If not properly equipped, individuals are not allowed to enter the installation. If the DOD is doing this to help keep the members of the military community safe, why shouldn’t the rest of the country follow in those footsteps? When we think motorcycle safety, 90 percent of the time the first image that comes to mind is a helmet, as it should. The helmet is the single-handedly the most important piece of safety equipment that a motorcycle rider shouldn’t go without. However, there are many other rider protective equipment components that play a vital role in the safety of the person. Between 2001 and 2008, more than 34,000 motorcyclists were killed and an estimated 1,222,000 persons. 4 Tenorio were treated in a U. S. emergency department for a non-fatal motorcycle-related injury (Motorcycle Crash-Related Data). This data supports the thought process that even though helmets are crucial at protecting against head injuries, there are many other portions of the body that are at harms way if not properly covered. 75 percent of the non-fatal emergency room visits involved parts other than the head. The other attire that might contribute to a safer ride includes, but not limited to, long durable pants, durable top, gloves, durable over-the-ankle footwear, and reflective equipment. Despite that it will probably never be deemed mandatory to wear these items, it is important for riders everywhere to understand the devastating effects an accident can have on their bodies when choosing not to wear the proper gear. There is a common misconception that the gear makes the ride more uncomfortable and, it is believed that it makes it more difficult to operate and maneuver the motorcycle. That is a myth! Properly fitted helmets of decent quality not only will it protect your head, but also a full-faced helmet will make for a more comfortable ride. The helmet does this by preventing foreign objects and debris from  constantly hitting the riders face, and most importantly from landing in the eye. Gloves that fit snug the hand will protect it from road rash in the event that you make contact with the pavement and it also improves handgrip with the handlebars aiding with better handling. There are gloves out on the market that have additional padding in the palm of the hand, to help with comfort and provide support and a barrier in the event of a fall. The same concept can be applied to footwear. It is unbelievable that there are people out there that would ride a bike in flip-flops and think it is comfortable. Not only does it not protect the appendages, but also it makes it harder to control the bike. When choosing footwear you have to find a medium between protection and comfort. Wear something that provides the proper amount of protection but does not hinder your ability to control or maneuver the motorcycle. 5 Tenorio Choosing comfort over safety should never be an option. More specifically when you are talking about the portion of your body that controls all bodily functions. With the implementation and enforcement of a universal helmet law, the fatality rate of motorcycle accidents would  decrease. In the past the universal helmet law failed. With that in mind, we can learn from our mistakes and see trough an effective and legal legislation. The ultimate goal is not to interfere with he rights of individuals, but to help protect the citizens so they can continue to enjoy the freedoms we have in the United States. The amount of information revolving around motorcycle safety out for public access is almost overwhelming. Therefore, there shouldn’t be an excuse why people refuse to wear gear that will only help protect them and their bodies from the dangers of riding a motorcycle. Works Cited 6 Tenorio Hedlund, James. Spotlight on Highway Safety. Motorcyclist Traffic Fatalities by State: 2012 Preliminary Data. Governors Highway Safety Association, 1 Apr. 2013. Web. 09 July 2014. Helmet Laws. State Motorcycle and Bicycle. Governors Highway Safety Association, 1 July 2014. Web. 06 July 2014. Morris, C. C. , Ph. D. Motorcycle Trends in the United States | Bureau of Transportation Statistics. Motorcycle Trends in the United States | Bureau of Transportation Statistics. Bureau If Transportation Statistics, 14 May 2009. Web. 07 July 2014. Motorcycle Crash-Related Data. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 14 June 2012. Web. 06 July 2014. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Motorcycles: Traffic Safety Facts 2008 Data (2008): 1-6. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. NHTSAs National Center for Statistics and Analysis, 1 Dec. 2008. Web. 22 June 2014. Watson, Tim. What The Latest NHTSA Fatality Stats Reveal About Motorcycle Safety. Ride Apart RSS2. Ride Apart, 29 May 2013. Web. 09 July 2014. Workman, Danny. Deadly Motorcycle Accident Statistics. Examiner. com. The Examiner, 28 May 2009. Web. 09 July 2014. 7.

The Mauritian Economy Defied Predictions Of James Meade

The Mauritian Economy Defied Predictions Of James Meade Few Sub-Saharan African countries have managed to achieve high standards of living over the past two decades. Mauritius has been a notable exception. With no natural resources, a small domestic market and vulnerability to external shocks, Mauritius exhibited a series of characteristics very typical to the rest of Africa namely a mono-crop economy, exposure to terms of trade shocks, high population growth rate, ethnic tensions exacerbated by high income and wealth inequality. Defying the predictions of Nobel Prize recipient James Meade, who famously predicted poor development prospects for Mauritius back in 1961 due to its vulnerabilities to both weather and price shocks and lack of job opportunities outside the sugar sector, Mauritius has transformed itself from a poor sugar economy into a country with one of the highest per capita incomes among African countries. Today, the small island nation is one of Africas most prosperous and stable economies and is considered an economic success story. For arguments sake, between 1977 and 2009, real GDP in Mauritius grew on average by 5.1 percent annually, compared with 3.2 percent for sub-Saharan Africa. 3.1 The Mauritian Economy Mauritius is a small island developing state with limited resources and a remote geographical location considered unfavourable. Since its independence in 1968, Mauritius has developed from a low-income mono crop economy to a middle-income relatively diversified export-oriented economy. In the early 1960s, Mauritius embarked on a program of diversification and adopted import substitution policies with the initial emphasis on tax exemptions, long-term loans at favorable rates and protective import duties and quotas. The aim was mainly to combat unemployment, raise standard of living and alleviate poverty. However, import substitution did not bring the benefits expected owing to the small size of the domestic market, limited resource endowments and technical know-how. The enterprises were unable to benefit from economies of scale given the small size of the local market. Furthermore, import substitution policies failed to address unemployment, which reached 20% in the late 60s. In the early 1970s, Mauritius switched to an outward-looking export-oriented strategy. The establishment of the Export Processing Zone scheme, designed to encourage the setting up of labour intensive export oriented manufacturing enterprises, aimed at helping to dampen the growing problem of unemployment, as well as to open up further the economy and benefit from the preferential access to the European markets under the different Lomà © Conventions (and now the Cotonou Agreement). The authorities prudent management of the economy and their outward-oriented policies placed Mauritius on a sustained growth path. Launched with the start-up capital of the sugar sector, the EPZ sector has concentrated mostly on textile and textile-related products. Mauritius seeks to serve as a bridge from Asia to Africa, Europe and the United States: in the 1980s, companies from Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore settled in the countrys economic processing zones (EPZs), and were joined in 2007 and 2008 by companies from mainland China. For the past three decades, the industry have attracted FDI from various countries, created new employment opportunities and strengthened the manufacturing base of the economy. The tourism sector also emerged as a serious economic pillar by contributing to foreign exchange earnings of the country and by being an important generator of employment. A range of investment incentives were provided to boost the development of the tourism sector in terms of fiscal incentives and financial support for hotel development and management services. The labour-intensive export-oriented growth strategy was therefore powered by three main economic sectors, namely sugar, textile products and tourism. The diversification strategy was further expanded in the 1990s with the consolidation of the financial services sector into commercial banking, insurance and global business. In recent years, information and communication technology (ICT), in particular business process outsourcing, and the seafood hub have emerged as important sectors of the economy. From 1991 to 2010, the economy enjoyed an average annual real growth of 4.9%. To further diversify the economic base of the island, the government is actively encouraging development in the following sectors: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ the land-based oceanic industry; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ hospitality and property development; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ the healthcare and biomedical industry; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ agro-processing and biotechnology; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ the knowledge industry; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ renewable energy. Figure 1: Sectorial Breakdown of the Mauritian economy, 2009 Mauritius is a fairly well diversified export oriented economy with agriculture, textile, tourism and financial services as leading sectors. However, a gradual shift from agriculture to the service sectors has been observed. Today, the services sector makes the largest contribution towards GDP and towards total employment. The share of the agricultural, hunting, forestry and fishing sector in GDP which was 6.1% in 1999 went down to 4.3% in 2009. The manufacturing sector also experienced a fall, from 23.9% in 1999 to 19.5% in 2009. On the other hand, Hotels and restaurants, a major component of the Tourism sector, witnessed a rise from 6.9% to 7.3% during the same period. Albeit the successful growth records, there is growing concerns as regards competitiveness and sustainability of growth. The traditional Mauritian labor-intensive exports is being challenged by new competitors. Productivity is not increasing fast enough to keep pace with wages that have been rising as a result of near full employment, thus eroding competitiveness. Government policies are aiming at diversifying towards more capital-intensive production and higher value added goods. The acceleration of the growth rate in the 1980s is the result of the macroeconomic reforms in response to protracted balance of payments and fiscal troubles. Following the reforms, Mauritius experienced steady growth, low inflation, and increased employment. GDP per capita, meanwhile, increased approximately seven-fold between 1976 and 2008, from less than $1,000 to nearly $7,000 (figure 2). At the same time, consumer price inflation in Mauritius has remained in the low single digits through the 1990s and 2000s (figure 3). The steady growth path of the early years of the period under review was due to the sugar boom of the early 1970s and the newly established EPZ attracting foreign investment. During that period, GDP grew at an average of 9% per year. However, the boom was short lived with sugar prices falling by 50% and the first oil shock of 1973-74 starting to impact on isolated Mauritian exporters and the small but promising tourism industry. Year 1979 saw the devaluation of the exchange rate by 30%, a rise in interest rate, reduction in food subsidies and wage increases held below inflation. Between 1979 and March 1980, the island was hit by cyclones, sugar production tumbled and GDP fell by 9%. The only encouraging factor during that period was a fall in inflation. The highest rate of inflation Mauritius witnessed since its independence was in October 1980 at 42%. This was due to the deteriorating economic situation following increasing oil prices in the late 1970s coupled with adverse weather conditions damaging food crops. In the same period, the island adopted its first Structural Adjustment Programme and the rupee was devalued by 22.9 % in October 1979. The direct impact of the devaluation was seen on import prices which sky rocketed. Macroeconomic policies have contributed to containing inflation. On a calendar-year basis, inflation (measured by changes in consumer prices) was maintained at under 6.5% per year till 2006, when it rose to 8.9%. The main contributors to this increase include higher oil prices (resulting from increase in world prices and the introduction of the Automatic Pricing Mechanism, higher prices of alcoholic beverages and cigarettes (resulting from the increase in excise duties) and of some other products (resulting from the reduction of subsidies for rice, flour, and bread), increase in freight costs and depreciation of the Mauritian rupee. During 2007, inflation increased further to reach 10.7% in June (on a yearly basis), the highest in over a decade. According to the BOM, this was due to the second-round effects of high oil and commodity prices, the depreciation of the Rupee, and the increase in excise duties. 3.2 Trade Performance Trade remains an important feature of the Mauritian economy in light of the fact that it has a small domestic market and limited natural resources namely land. The island is known to have been running merchandise trade deficit which has been offset at times by surpluses on the services account. The bulk of Mauritian merchandise exports (namely 70% of the total value) is accountable to manufacturing products. Though decreasing in share, clothing remains the main manufactured export (from 57% in 2001 to 36% in recent years). Sugar has remained the main agricultural export, contributing around 16% to total merchandise trade. Imports as well continued to be dominated by manufactured goods. Leading imports include machinery and transport equipment, radio/television transmission apparatus, textile and chemicals. The share of textiles has decreased from 20% in 2001 to 7% in recent years. Nevertheless, textiles remain an important import item. The European Union is the major destination for most of the Mauritian export. The bulk of Mauritian sugar and a large share of its textiles and clothing are destined to the EU. The UK remains the major single destination followed by France and the US. On import grounds, the EU supplies around one third of the total value of Mauritius merchandise imports. Other major suppliers include China, South Africa, France, India and Germany. The share of Middle East countries (Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates) has considerably increased, reflecting mainly the increase of oil prices. 3.3 Trade Openness Mauritius is an active participant of the multilateral trading system and member of various economic groupings and trade agreements. Participation in regional agreements is crucial for a small island country like Mauritius for the following reasons: Allows the exploitation of its comparative advantages and economies of scale. Improves the islands competitive edge. Allows the diversification of its range of exports. Facilitates its integration into the world economy. However, challenges remains for Mauritius has to ensure consistency between the national reform agenda and participation in a multitude of trade agreements, with different geographical coverage, liberalization agenda, provisions and goals. To Sachs and Warner, the key determinants to a countrys long-run growth is its trade policies. In effect, in the 1970s and 1980s, Mauritius had a fairly protected economy; the average rate of protection being high and dispersed. This is depicted by the rather poor openness ration of the early years of the period under review. When the country started to open to the world, a net amelioration of the ratio was noted. 3.4 Exposure to external shocks and policy responses An integral part of economic policies in Mauritius, trade policies are aimed at improving the living standards of the population and seeking to achieve full employment. This objective is projected to be achieved through the implementation of sound macroeconomic policies, investment in public infrastructures, easing the doing business environment and further opening up the economy. Trade policies have, for over two decades, shaped the countrys industrial development and contributed towards sustained growth. Mauritius was able to join in the ranks of the newly industrialised economies. 3.4.1 Agricultural sector Today, agriculture remains an important sector given its share in exports and revolves mainly around sugar. However, the ever decreasing sugar prices have seen the implementation of actions to restructure the sector and ensure its long-term viability. Those actions seek to promote alternative goods relating to cane production. In fact, much of the sugar cane production in Mauritius has been exported to the EU under the preferential terms of the ACP-EU Sugar Protocol. ACP sugar-producing countries were granted preferred access to the EU market, with annual quotas and guaranteed prices. As part of the transition to the new regime defined by the Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs), ACP countries experienced a decline in their guaranteed minimum price for sugar to the EU. Over four years to 2009, the price fell by 36 per cent. Mauritius is the most affected by the falling price paid by the EU for sugar. At 507 000 tonnes, Mauritius enjoyed the largest quota under the Sugar Protocol. Sugar exports to the EU alone contributed 17 per cent of the countrys foreign exchange earnings and up to 4.5 per cent of gross domestic product. The losses associated with the new regime are expected to have a significant impact on Mauritius, particularly given that the revenue that had been procured from the Sugar Protocol was important for stimulating economic development, promoting diversification and supporting services throughout the country. It is likely that the economy will go through structural change as the agricultural sector moves away from its almost exclusive dependence on sugar and becomes more diversified. The Multi-Annual Adaptation Strategy (2006-2015) is the Government of Mauritiuss response to the changes in the Sugar Protocol, to aid in the adaptation process and take advantage of the package of accompanying measures offered by the EU to ease the transition to the new trading regime. It seeks to protect the long-term viability and sustainability of the sugar industry and ensure that it can continue to make an important economic and social contribution to Mauritius. There are several elements associated with the MAAS designed to help the industry and its workers adapt to the new trading reality and safeguard a future for the sector. Key among these are a focus on ways to (i) reduce costs of production (through factory closures, centralization, and restructuring of the workforce), (ii) generate additional revenue (such as through increasing value added), (iii) efficiently use by-products (such as for producing renewable energy) and (iv) contribute to poverty alleviation (by establishing voluntary retirement and re-training programmes). By pursuing these policies, the Government hopes to transform the sugar industry into an industry that moves away from producing raw sugar towards producing several types of sugar (raw, special, industrial and white), and also produces electricity from bagasse and ethanol from molasses. Once implemented, the policy should result in higher-value products, sufficient production to meet all of Mauritiuss trade commitments, and reduced dependence on imported fossil fuels by increasing the contribution from sugar cane to national electricity production and increasing the production of ethanol. 3.4.2 Manufacturing sector The development of textile and clothing, the main industry, was favoured in the past by preferences under the Multifibre Arrangement (MFA), and preferential access to key markets such as the EC and the United States. Mauritius textiles and clothing industry has been facing many challenges, such as multilateral liberalization, which has resulted in erosion of trade preferences; rising production costs in Mauritius; and the emergence of low-cost producing countries. In anticipation of the multilateral liberalization of the industry in January 2005, most of the major Hong-Kong-owned enterprises (which dominated the industry in Mauritius) ceased operation: between 2001-06, employment in the industry was reduced by 27,000 jobs. This explains the poor performance of both exports and growth of the EPZ subsector. Several steps have been taken to sustain development of the textile and clothing including restructuring of enterprises; promotion of vertical integration to increase value added, as well as high value products; upgrading skills; improving access to finance; and facilitating business operations. With the phase out of the Multi Fibre Arrangement, Mauritius has to compete with major textiles producers like China. The new LDC scheme proposed by the US to extend the AGOA type benefits to all LDCs pose a major threat to Mauritian exports to the US, particularly for garments. With the application of a coefficient of 8 in a Swiss formula to reduce tariffs in the context of the Doha Development Agenda, the preference margin for garments will fall from an average of 12% on the EU and US markets to below 5%. For canned tuna, which Mauritius exports, the preference margin will drop to around 6% from a high of 24%. 3.4.3 Tourism The Tourism Industry has contribution extensively towards foreign exchange earnings, GDP growth and employment creation. With the impact of the turmoil experienced in the international financial markets in 2008, the sector recorded an increase of only 2.6% in tourist arrival as opposed to a 15.1% growth in arrival in 2007, followed by a negative growth of 6.4% in 2009. As at 2009, the tourism sector contributed to 8.9% of GDP; created 26,922 direct jobs and generated Rs. 35,693 million ($1190 million USD) as tourism receipts. Mauritius has performed well in developing a distinctive form of relatively high-end tourism. Growth in tourist arrivals has outpaced that of many of our competitors. Currently, the aim is to continue that growth with a visitorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ target of two million tourists a year by 2015. To achieve the set target, the number of hotels and room capacity has evolved considerably over the years to cater for the ever-increasing tourist arrivals. Mauritius has been taking measures since early May 2008 to cushion the economy from the risks of deterioration in the world economy. The main policy measures taken since May 2008 are as summarised in the table below. Date POLICY MEASURES ADOPTED AND IMPLEMENTED May 2008 Allocation of Rs. 6 billion [$200 M] for investment in airport expansion creation of 6 funds to realize the Maurice Ile Durable vision, build food security, boost education and knowledge, eradicate poverty and widen the circle of opportunities, improve local infrastructure, carry social housing commitment and sharpen the competitiveness of domestic oriented industries and SMEs. June 2008 The 2008/2009 Budget voted an amount of Rs. 1.8 billion [$430 M] for contingencies to cater for any additional injection required to support public spending and demand. July 2008 Full implementation of the recommendations of the Pay Research Bureau on review of salaries and conditions of employment in the civil service thus injecting an additional amount of Rs 1.5 billion [$50 M] in the economy. October 2008 Reduction in Repo Rate by 50 basis points from 8.25 to 7.75 Reduction in Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) from 5% to 4.5 % Reduction in the minimum CRR on any particular day from 4% to 3% Introduction of a Special Foreign Currency Line of Credit by the Bank of Mauritius aggregating $125 M so as to assist banks encountering difficulties due to non-availability or inadequacy of foreign exchange facilities from usual sources. Review of the Automatic Price Mechanism (APM) to enable monthly, instead of quarterly, review of petroleum prices so that local retail price aligned with international prices of petroleum products. December 2008 Presentation of Additional Stimulus Package (ASP) amounting to Rs 10.4 billion [$350 M] to be spent through 2009 and 2010, basically on major capital projects with focus on fast-tracking and frontloading of existing public infrastructure projects, new investments in public infrastructure, accelerating private sector investment, improving business climate, building human resource capacity, and supporting vulnerable sectors such as the SMEs, export oriented manufacturing and tourism. Setting up of Special Committees to fast track implementation of the Additional Stimulus Package and to unlock private investment. Reduction of the Repo Rate by 100 basis points from 7.75 to 6.75 March 2009 Reduction in the Repo Rate by 100 basis points from 6.75 to 5.75 May 2009 Presentation of new budget built on the Additional Stimulus Package to ride out the global crisis. Some measures to enhance competitiveness and focusing on saving jobs, protecting people, and preparing for recovery are as follows: Injecting an additional Rs 2 billion in the Saving Jobs and Recovery Fund (SJR FUND), to provide for a new micro-enterprise financing scheme for women to be operated by the National Empowerment Foundation in collaboration with the Ministry of Women and the Mauritius Post and Cooperative Bank. Rescheduling of loans by the Development Bank of Mauritius for SMEs which were servicing their loans prior to the crisis in September 2008 but then faced cash flow problems. Setting up an Emergency Export Credit Insurance scheme for SMEs as well as large enterprises in all sectors until December 2010. Operating a scheme to assist small hotels and restaurants to improve, and enhance productivity and competitiveness under the SJR Fund. Setting up of the Mauritius Business Growth Scheme (MBGS) to promote business growth in SMEs. Eligible firms will receive financing to support their business growth on a cost-sharing basis Introducing a mentoring service by National Empowerment Foundation to ensure sustainability of small businesses initiated mostly by women Under the Food Security Fund, introduction of a Food Crop Insurance Scheme for small food crop planters, a Seed Potato Purchase Scheme to encourage the production of potatoes by small planters and an Onion Seed Purchase Scheme. Reduction of Ministers salary by Rs 10, 000 per month (July 2009 to Dec 2010) Earmarking Rs 100 million from the MID Fund to co-finance a Rs 280 million programme with the CEB, CWA and WMA (utility agencies) to clean up the social housing estates and rehabilitate the water, electricity and waste-water infrastructure Increase old age, non-contributory pensions and social aid benefits by 5.1 % Payment of compensation of 5.1% for the lowest income band while at the time broadening the band. September 2009 The key Repo Rate was maintained at 5.75 per cent per annum November 2009 The Budget 2010 presented on 18 November 2010 provides for policies for shaping recover, consolidating social progress and sustaining green Mauritius. The measures, inter-alia, include, intensifying efforts to consolidate the traditional and emerging economic pillars, so as to open business opportunities and further stimulate job creation, in particular for women, continue improving the doing business environment to increase investment; investing in human resource development, science, technology and innovation to build the competitive competence that Mauritius needs to be among the fast globalisers; accelerating plan to build the infrastructure of tomorrow. On the social front, the 2010 budget provides for additional effort towards eradication of absolute poverty, provision for every family with a decent dwelling, delivering more and better health care, giving more social protection to our children and women, preparing for the challenges of an ageing population and ramping up support for our seniors and consolidating the progress made in giving greater access to education, from pre-primary to tertiary levels. In regard to the Additional Stimulus Package (ASP), Government policies have been instrumental in dealing with the crisis in terms of saving jobs, preventing closures of firms and protecting people. However, given the current international economic context, the exit strategy needs to be carefully managed. Accordingly government has decided to maintain the Additional Stimulus Measures until December 2010 including the funds committed for a stimulus package for Rodrigues. December 2009 The key Repo Rate was maintained at 5.75 per cent per annum Source: Mauritius Strategy for Implementation National Assessment Report 2010 3.5 Conclusion Trade liberalization has proven to be beneficial to the economy through consistent amelioration of the growth rate over the years. However, increased openness has undermined the economic vulnerability of the island.

A Grain of Wheat by Ngugi wa Thiong’o

This work of art is set in pre-independent Kenya as the struggle between the colonizers and the Africans escalate. It gives a clear picture of colonial Kenya as it were and as the Africans tried to resist British rule through the Mau Mau guerillas.A Grain of Wheat by Ngugi wa Thiong’o is a novel that illustrates the people of Kenya and each of their personal journeys as they all struggled for independence through the use of a few characters.   According to Nadine Gordimer, ‘it is an extremely interesting piece of work because it brings a new theme to African literature-the effects on a people of the changes brought about in themselves by the demands of a bloody and bitter struggle for independence’ p 226Mugo is depicted in the novel as one of the major characters. He is seen as an introvert and mostly keeps to himself. In the British reserve camps where the Africans lived and worked. He is seen as a hero as he led a hunger strike and came to the defence of a pre gnant woman who was to be beaten to death by a village guard. Ironically Mugo is the one who betrayed Kihika to the British and because of this, he is now the introvert he is and broods a lot.Apparently Mugo is also jealous of Kihika; this is evident when he thinks to himself ‘what right has such a boy †¦to talk like that? What arrogance?†¦I hate him, he heard himself say’. He resents Kihika that he should be able to command such respect from everyone as he does, including his elders who all listen when he talks. ‘their eyes were fixed on Kihika; their lives seemed dependent on his falling words.Kihika who is undoubtedly the hero in the novel is portrayed as a martyr. This is because he is seen to sacrifice himself for the good of the country. On the other hand, he alludes himself to Christ in the sense that he died for the good of the people. ‘Watch ye and pray†¦calling on his audience to remember the great Swahili proverb kikulacho kiko nguo ni mwako. Meaning, those who betray you are usually your closest allies. This further alludes to him as Jesus and Mugo as Judas Iscariot.Mumbi is Kihika’s sister and Gikonyo’s wife. She is said to be the most beautiful woman in the area. Although not voluntary, she betrays her husband with his rival Karanja when he forces her to sleep with him. This causes great resentment from her husband when he returns from prison. Mumbi sees herself as the biblical Ester in trying to bring in justice for the people.Karanja although an African, is a collaborator. In this sense, he betrays his people by siding with the white man and betraying his people. He is suspected by the people as being the one who sold out Kihika but ironically it wasn’t him. He is jealous of   gikonyo but at the same time refuses to consider him a serious rival for Mumbi.

Youth and Politics

Madhu Babu. K, Contact me in 08105837859, Youth And Politics Youth are young generation of the country. They play a vital role in the development of country. A famous writer Sri Sri(Srirangam Srinivas)said that â€Å"Our country is not in the hands of lazy and corrupted old politicians,this country is ours i. e youth†. A country with good political government is said to be developed country. But politicians are misbehaving. They are mainly focussing on earning profits and neglecting development of people as welll as country. Everyone is telling that â€Å"Politics is corrupted. But politics is not corrupted. Politicians are corrupted†. Earlier common people are afraid of policemen. But now policemen are afraid of politicians. We want politicians like Shyam Prasad Mukherjee,Dr. B. R. Ambedkar,Abdul Kalam,lal Bahdur Shastry,Kamraj Nadar,Prakasam Panthulu etc. to eliminate corruption and also for development of country. Generally people used to tell â€Å"Youth is spoiled. But spoiled is Politics†. Youth should join hands to enter politics to protect our country from old orrupting politicians. Youth have the capacity to do anything. Youth should be encouraged to enter politics. This is possible only by educational institutions. A compulsoy subject about politics should be introduced in colleges to create a desire among young generation to enter politics. In olden days a child from every famil y will join military army to protect their kingdom. Similarly a student from each educational institution should enter politics to protect and develop our country. Ther are colleges for Engineering,Medicine,Management etc. Why can’t we have a college for politics? Everyone is telling that Educatin gives knowledge. Politics with knowledgabie youth will lead to development of the country. But youth are applying their knowledge in other fields. Every student/youth is telling that they will become Engineer or Doctor. But no one is telling that â€Å"they will become POLITICIAN†. Though our country is said to be Democratic,it is in the hands of politicians and their families. The system of giving political seata to his/her relatives or family if he/she(politician) is dead should be changed. Some politicians are using Youth for illegal activities. So youth should be aware about them. Because of those politicians youth are also getting corrupted. For a stable government Youth should enter politics. Youth should not mingle with corrupted politicians. By giving opportunities to youth new ideas can be generated and better solutions can be obtained for complex problems. There is retirement for every job. But politicians are not following retirement. Hence a slight modification must be made in our constitution that â€Å"Any politician who are above 65 years must be retired from his position† Though politicians with more age have experience and take better decisions the position should be given to his subordinates based on the experience after retirement of his/her post. Youth are voting at age of 18. Why can’t they show interest to enter politics by age 21? Youth should be given chance by all political parties to enter politics. A certain reservation in politics should be given compulsorily to youth in politics. Not only youth alone can develop country. But youth with some experienced Politicians will be helpful to develop country. Let us remember the words of Sri Rabindranath Tagore. He wrote in â€Å"Gtanjali† that he wants to see our country â€Å"as heaven where there is no ego hurtings,one person will not steal others,every person is happy and live happily†. To make our country â€Å"Sujalm,Suphalam,Matharam†Youth should enter Politics.

Free Essays on The Last Spin

We all judge too much by outward appearances. What most people don’t understand, is that no matter how different we all think we are, you can always find some type of common ground. In the story, The Last Spin by Evan Hunter, the characters, Tigo and Dave, didn’t realize that till it was too late. They were supposed to be enemies from different sides, but as the game progresses, they see that they aren’t that different after all and become friends. Those who are in a gang usually wear a certain color or something to let people know what they’re representing. I think that it’s almost like a death wish saying , "Look at me! I’m your enemy! Shoot me!" That was all too true in this story. "†¦ he wore a green silk jacket with an orange stripe on each sleeve. The jacket told Dave that Tigo was his enemy. The jacket shrieked. ‘Enemy, enemy!’ " This is exactly what I mean, he didn’t know anything about this guy and already he was his enemy. You could tell that nothing good would come of this. They didn’t like each other at all. Nothing good can come out of paying Russian roulette. It’s a stupid game. It usually starts off really serious and as time goes you could stike up a conversation with whomever your playing with and all of a sudden you don’t want to g through with it. " †¦ He put the gun to his head. ‘ Wait!’ Dave said. Tigo looked puzzled. ‘What’s the matter?’ " Dave didn’t want to lose this guy now. You could tell that he liked Tigo and he didn’t want him to die. They started talking and realized that they aren’t that different. Sometimes it’s easier to tell a complete stranger about your life but not be able to tell your closest friend what going on with you. All you have to do is to get comfortable just talking to that person and it all flows out naturally. " ‘Sometimes I think I’m chicken,’ he said to Tigo." You just don’t say that to someone in thug life. You could see ... Free Essays on The Last Spin Free Essays on The Last Spin We all judge too much by outward appearances. What most people don’t understand, is that no matter how different we all think we are, you can always find some type of common ground. In the story, The Last Spin by Evan Hunter, the characters, Tigo and Dave, didn’t realize that till it was too late. They were supposed to be enemies from different sides, but as the game progresses, they see that they aren’t that different after all and become friends. Those who are in a gang usually wear a certain color or something to let people know what they’re representing. I think that it’s almost like a death wish saying , "Look at me! I’m your enemy! Shoot me!" That was all too true in this story. "†¦ he wore a green silk jacket with an orange stripe on each sleeve. The jacket told Dave that Tigo was his enemy. The jacket shrieked. ‘Enemy, enemy!’ " This is exactly what I mean, he didn’t know anything about this guy and already he was his enemy. You could tell that nothing good would come of this. They didn’t like each other at all. Nothing good can come out of paying Russian roulette. It’s a stupid game. It usually starts off really serious and as time goes you could stike up a conversation with whomever your playing with and all of a sudden you don’t want to g through with it. " †¦ He put the gun to his head. ‘ Wait!’ Dave said. Tigo looked puzzled. ‘What’s the matter?’ " Dave didn’t want to lose this guy now. You could tell that he liked Tigo and he didn’t want him to die. They started talking and realized that they aren’t that different. Sometimes it’s easier to tell a complete stranger about your life but not be able to tell your closest friend what going on with you. All you have to do is to get comfortable just talking to that person and it all flows out naturally. " ‘Sometimes I think I’m chicken,’ he said to Tigo." You just don’t say that to someone in thug life. You could see ...

Biography of Nikita Khrushchev

Biography of Nikita Khrushchev Nikita Khrushchev (April 15, 1894- September 11, 1971) was the leader of the Soviet Union during a critical decade of the Cold War. His leadership style and expressive personality came to represent Russians hostility toward the United States in the eyes of the American public. Khrushchevs aggressive stance against the West culminated in the standoff with the United States during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. Fast Facts: Nikita Khrushchev Full Name: Nikita Sergeyevich KhrushchevKnown for: Leader of the Soviet Union (1953–1964)Born: April 15, 1894, in Kalinovka, RussiaDied: September 11, 1971 in Moscow, RussiaSpouses Name: Nina Petrovna Khrushchev Early Life Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev was born April 15, 1894, in Kalinovka, a village in southern Russia. His family was poor, and his father at times worked as a miner. By the age of 20 Khrushchev had become a skilled metalworker. He hoped to become an engineer, and married an educated woman who encouraged his ambitions. Following the Russian Revolution in 1917, Khrushchevs plans changed profoundly as he joined the Bolsheviks and began a political career. During the 1920s he rose from obscurity to a position as an apparatchik in the Ukrainian Communist Party. In 1929, Khrushchev moved to Moscow and took a position with the Stalin Industrial Academy. He rose to positions of increasing political power in the Communist Party and was undoubtedly complicit in the violent purges of the Stalin regime. During World War II, Khrushchev became a political commissar in the Red Army. Following the defeat of Nazi Germany, Khrushchev worked at rebuilding Ukraine, which had been devastated during the war. He began to gain attention, even to observers in the West. In 1947 The New York Times published an essay by journalist Harrison Salisbury headlined The 14 Men Who Run Russia. It contained a passage on Khrushchev, which noted that his current job was to bring the Ukraine fully into the Soviet fold and that, in order to do so, he was carrying out a violent purge. In 1949, Stalin brought Khrushchev back to Moscow. Khrushchev became involved in the political intrigue within the Kremlin which coincided with the Soviet dictators failing health. Rise to Power Following Stalins death on March 5, 1953, Khrushchev began his own rise to the top of the Soviet power structure. To outside observers, he was not viewed as a favorite. The New York Times published a front-page article following Stalins death citing four men expected to succeed the Soviet leader. Georgy Malenkov was presumed to be the next Soviet leader. Khrushchev was mentioned as one of about a dozen figures believed to hold power within the Kremlin. In the years immediately following Stalins death, Khrushchev managed to outmaneuver his rivals, including notable figures such as Malenkov and Vyacheslav Molotov. By 1955, he had consolidated his own power and was essentially leading the Soviet Union. Khrushchev chose not to become another Stalin, and actively encouraged the process of de-Stalinization that followed the dictators death. The role of the secret police was curtailed. Khrushchev was involved in the plot which ousted the feared head of the secret police, Lavrenti Beria (who was tried and shot). The terror of the Stalin years was denounced, with Khrushchev evading his own responsibility for purges. In the realm of foreign affairs, Khrushchev aggressively challenged the United States and its allies. In a famous outburst aimed at Western ambassadors in Poland in 1956, Khrushchev said the Soviets would not have to resort to war to defeat its adversaries. In a quote that became legendary, Khrushchev bellowed, Whether you like it or not, history is on our side. We will bury you. On the World Stage As Khrushchev enacted his reforms within the Soviet Union, the Cold War defined the era internationally. The United States, led by World War II hero President Dwight Eisenhower, sought to contain what was viewed as Russian communist aggression in trouble spots around the world. In July 1959, a relative thaw in Soviet-American relations occurred when an American trade fair opened in Moscow. Vice president Richard Nixon traveled to Moscow and had a confrontation with Khrushchev that seemed to define the tensions between the superpowers. The two men, standing next to a display of kitchen appliances, debated the relative virtues of communism and capitalism. The rhetoric was tough, but news reports noted that no one lost their temper. The public argument became instantly famous as The Kitchen Debate, and was reported as a tough discussion between determined adversaries. Americans got an idea of Khrushchevs stubborn nature. A few months later, in September 1959, Khrushchev accepted an invitation to visit the United States. He stopped in Washington, D.C., before traveling to New York City, where he addressed the United Nations. He then flew to Los Angeles, where the trip seemed to veer out of control. After expressing abrupt greetings to local officials who welcomed him, he was taken to a movie studio. With Frank Sinatra acting as the master of ceremonies, dancers from the film Can Can performed for him. The mood turned bitter, however, when Khrushchev was informed that he would not be allowed to visit Disneyland. The official reason was that local police couldnt guarantee Khrushchevs safety on the long drive to the amusement park. The Soviet leader, who was not used to being told where he could go, erupted in anger. At one point he bellowed, according to news reports, Is there an epidemic of cholera there or something? Or have gangsters taken control of the place that can destroy me? At one appearance in Los Angeles, the mayor of Los Angeles, made reference to Khrushchevs famous we will bury you remark from three years earlier. Khrushchev felt he had been insulted, and threatened to return immediately to Russia. In Iowa, Khrushchev enjoyed his first hot dog. Getty Images   Khrushchev took a train northward to San Francisco, and the trip turned happier. He praised the city and engaged in friendly banter with local officials. He then flew to Des Moines, Iowa, where he toured American farms and happily posed for the cameras. He then visited Pittsburgh, where he debated with American labor leaders. After returning to Washington, he visited Camp David for meetings with President Eisenhower. At one point, Eisenhower and Khrushchev visited the presidents farm in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Khrushchevs tour of America was a media sensation. A photo of Khrushchev visiting an Iowa farm, smiling broadly as he waved an ear of corn, appeared on the cover of LIFE magazine. An essay in the issue explained that Khrushchev, despite appearing friendly at times during his trip, was a difficult and unyielding adversary. The meetings with Eisenhower had not gone very well. The following year, Khrushchev returned to New York to appear at the United Nations. In an incident that became legendary, he disrupted the proceedings of the General Assembly. During a speech by a diplomat from the Philippines, which Khrushchev took as insulting to the Soviet Union, he removed his shoe and began rhythmically banging it against his desktop. To Khrushchev, the incident with the shoe was essentially playful. Yet it was portrayed as front-page news that seemed to illuminate Khrushchevs unpredictable and threatening nature. Cuban Missile Crisis Serious conflicts with the United States followed. In May 1960, an American U2 spy plane was shot down over Soviet territory and the pilot was captured. The incident provoked a crisis, as President Eisenhower and allied leaders had been planning for a scheduled summit meeting with Khrushchev. The summit occurred, but it went badly. Khrushchev accused the United States of aggression against the Soviet Union. The meeting essentially collapsed with nothing accomplished. (The Americans and Soviets eventually made a deal to swap the U2 planes pilot for an imprisoned Russian spy in America, Rudolf Abel.) The early months of the Kennedy administration were marked by accelerated tensions with Khrushchev. The failed Bay of Pigs Invasion created problems, and a June 1961 summit between Kennedy and Khrushchev in Vienna was difficult and produced no real progress. President Kennedy and Khrushchev at their Vienna summit.   Getty Images In October 1962, Khrushchev and Kennedy became forever linked in history as the world suddenly seemed to be on the brink of nuclear war. A CIA spy plane over Cuba had taken photographs which showed launch facilities for nuclear missiles. The threat to Americas national security was profound. The missiles, if launched, could strike American cities with virtually no warning. The crisis simmered for two weeks, with the public becoming aware of the threat of war when President Kennedy gave a televised speech on October 22, 1962. Negotiations with the Soviet Union eventually helped defuse the crisis, and the Russians ultimately removed the missiles from Cuba. In the aftermath of the Cuban Missile Crisis, Khrushchevs role in the Soviet power structure began to decline. His efforts to move on from the dark years of Stalins brutal dictatorship were generally admired, but his domestic policies were often seen as disorganized. In the realm of international affairs, rivals in the Kremlin viewed him as erratic. Fall From Power and Death In 1964 Khrushchev was essentially deposed. In a Kremlin power play, he was stripped of his power and forced to go into retirement. Khrushchev lived a comfortable retired life in a house outside Moscow, but his name was purposely forgotten. In secret, he worked on a memoir, a copy of which was smuggled out to the West. Soviet officials denounced the memoir as a forgery. It is considered an unreliable narration of events, yet it is believed to be Khrushchevs own work. On September 11, 1971, Khrushchev died four days after suffering a heart attack. Though he died in a Kremlin hospital, his front-page obituary in The New York Times noted that the Soviet government had not issued an official statement on his passing. In the countries he had delighted in antagonizing, Khrushchevs death was treated as major news. However, in the Soviet Union, it was largely ignored. The New York Times reported that a small item in Pravda, the official government newspaper, reported his death, but avoided any praise of the man who had dominated Soviet life for a decade. Sources: Khrushchev, Nikita. UXL Encyclopedia of World Biography, edited by Laura B. Tyle, vol. 6, UXL, 2003, pp. 1083-1086. Gale Virtual Reference Library.Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev. Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2nd ed., vol. 8, Gale, 2004, pp. 539-540. Gale Virtual Reference Library.Taubman, William. Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeyevich. Encyclopedia of Russian History, edited by James R. Millar, vol. 2, Macmillan Reference USA, 2004, pp. 745-749. Gale Virtual Reference Library.

Company analysis of sprint Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Company analysis of sprint - Essay Example The company is a major conglomerate that has acquired various smaller entities that provide mobile telecommunications, Internet and other wireless services. The company is a public entity that is traded on the New York Stock Exchange and its functions can be traced back to 1899 when Brown Telephone Company was founded to provide telephone services to Kansas. The company therefore has a lot of services that are provided by different specialized entities in the group. The main focus is on growing and expanding in order to enter profitable niches and sectors of the global telecommunication industry Sprint was founded by Cleyson Brown in 1899 and he sought to introduce telephone technology to his home state of Kansas and he did this by introducing Brown Telephone Company as a monopoly in Abilene, Kansas (Sprint Nextel para 2). The company expanded its services to different parts of the state of Kansas and by the end of the Second World War, Brown Telephone Company had a firm grip on the Southern USA markets. It expanded gradually to different parts of the United States and used aggressive growth strategies to penetrate into other parts of the American markets. By the mid-1970s the company had positioned itself as the largest independent local telephone company (Sprint Nextel para 3). Then the markets for long-distance communication grew in the 1980s through the introduction of digital and fiber-optic networks. Sprint moved to take the opportunity and invested in these new technologies. With time, the company became a pioneer in data collections and became the largest commercial packet data network in the United States in 1980. In the 1990s, Sprint grew to focus on consumer and business clients and this allowed them to specialize in the voice and data services. There was a merger in 1993 of Sprint and Centel which created the impetus for a local provider and wireless service that focused on long-distance communication.

Social and Physical Benefits of Parks and Recreation Annotated Essay

Social and Physical Benefits of Parks and Recreation Annotated Bibliography - Essay Example The findings revealed that park use is an instrumental source of physical activity which benefitted users and residents within the area. As such, it was noted that the current number and location of public parks are insufficient to optimize service to the general local population. The article is deemed beneficial as a source of pertinent information regarding accessibility and overall improvement in physical activity of local residents, specifically those coming from the low-income level. Cohen, Deborah A., et al. "New Recreational Facilities for the Young and the Old in Los Angeles: Policy and Programming Implications." Journal of Public Health Policy (2009): Volume 30, S248–S263. Print. The study was conducted to determine any significant changes in terms of use of recreational facilities or parks after being remodeled or refurbished and compared with those which were not changed. The aim was specifically noted as determining whether â€Å"higher quality recreation faciliti es promote physical activity and serve communities better† (Cohen, Sehgal and Williamson S248). One skate park and one senior center were used as observation avenues and compared with two other skate parks and two senior centers that were not refurbished. The methods used the System for Observing Parks and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC) and validating interviews. The findings revealed that â€Å"park use results from a complex mix of factors that includes not only higher quality recreation facilities but also programming, staffing, fees, hours of operation, marketing, outreach, and perhaps a host of other human factors† (Cohen, Sehgal and Williamson S257). The information contained herein are therefore useful to the current research in terms of specifically identifying factors that could contribute to increased use of these facilities and therefore are instrumental in improving the health condition of users. Godbey, Geoffrey C.Caldwell, Linda L., Myron Floyd and Lau ra L. Payne. "Contributions of Leisure Studies and Recreation and Park Management Research to the Active Living Agenda." American Journal of Preventive Medicine (2005): Vol. 28, 150 –158. Print. The authors aimed to determine the source of studies involving leisure, recreation and park use with their alleged link to active living. Other concerns pertinent to the study included presenting aspects of government recreation and park services, concepts and methods in leisure studies as well as the management of recreation and park use, urban park use, and diverse factors that were apparently contributory to increased physical activity in leisure times. The findings revealed that a deeper understanding of leisure and the use of recreation and parks provide rationales on how park and recreational activities apparently contribute to physical activity, among others. The information contained in the study would therefore provide valuable insights to the current research. Payne, Laura L ., et al. "Local Park Use and Personal Health Among Older Adults: An Exploratory Study." Journal of Park and Recreation Administration (2005): Volume 23, Number 2, 1-20. Print. The study was reportedly conducted for the purpose of evaluating the relationship between the use of local parks and the health status of elders, aged 50 and above. Five specific research questions were explicitly stated; as the researchers allegedly used the exploratory research method with a conducted